Between 21% and 46% of men taking part in a nationwide Polish study showed elevated depressive symptoms, depending on the screening tool used. The highest rates came from questionnaires that include symptoms more often associated with men, such as irritability, aggression, social withdrawal, risky behaviour and substance misuse. The researchers stress that the results do not represent clinical diagnoses of depression.
The study was conducted by Dr Ewa Jarczewska-Gerc and Dr Magdalena Nowicka from SWPS University in Warsaw and included 1,073 men aged 18 to 89.
Four screening tools were used. The traditional PHQ-9 identified elevated depressive symptoms in 21% of respondents and the BDI in 37%. Two instruments designed to capture a broader range of male-specific symptoms produced higher results: 41% for MDRS-22 and 46% for GSDS-26.
Depression may not present primarily as sadness
The researchers note that conventional screening often focuses on low mood, loss of energy and sadness. In some men, however, psychological distress may be more visible through behaviour, including irritability, aggression, withdrawal from social contact, risk-taking and substance use.
The study also found links between higher symptom levels and stress, difficult life events such as relationship breakdown or job loss, sleep problems and avoidant coping strategies. Regular physical activity was associated with lower symptom intensity, while active problem-solving and seeking support were also linked to better outcomes.
Men who were single reported more depressive symptoms than those in relationships, although the authors caution that this does not mean a relationship itself prevents depression. Social support and reduced loneliness may be among the relevant factors.
The results are not a clinical diagnosis
The authors explicitly warn against interpreting the findings as evidence that 21% to 46% of men in Poland have clinical depression. The research was based on self-reported symptoms, while a diagnosis requires an individual clinical assessment.
The survey was conducted in December 2025 and January 2026. The sample was structured to reflect Poland’s male population by age, education, place of residence and marital status.
Source: SWPS University; adapted from ManagerPlus.pl.
